Sirko Hunnius*, Bernhard Krieger+, Tino Schuppan, (2014)
Providing, guarding, shielding: Open Government Data in Spain and Germany
The trend to publish public sector information (PSI) openly on the Internet has grasped attention worldwide under the term open data. However, despite its global reach and claim of some of the movement's activists, the national and local results of the phenomenon differ considerably. These differences have so far not been sufficiently explained. This article understands open data projects as techno-scientific artefacts negotiated within a network of various actants following vested interests. Building on Latour's theory of actor-networks this article conceptualises open data projects as cocreated phenomena transcending the social-technical distinction. This helps us to understand both the particularities of single projects, as well as the continuities specific administrative systems imprint on the formation of open data regimes. This research investigates the situation of open data in Germany and Spain, thereby focusing on national level as well as local level projects. Methodologically it is build on qualitative empirical data collected through document analysis and more than 30 in-depth interviews with experts from the public sector as well as users and open data advocates from outside the public sector.Sirko Hunnius
Sirko Hunnius is an e-government and public management scholar. He holds a diploma in economics and public management. Sirko currently works at the Institute for eGovernment (IfG.CC) on topics like e-government competencies, open data, IT governance, and public mergers.
Bernhard Krieger
Bernhard Krieger holds a Magister Artium in cultural anthropology from the Ludwig¬-Maximilians University Munich and a PhD in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge. At the IfG.CC Bernhard Krieger is head of international research and project manager for the OpenDataMonitor project.
Tino Schuppan
Tino Schuppan: Tino Schuppan holds a PhD in Administrative Sciences from the University of Potsdam. He is Professor for Public Management at the University of Labor Studies and the scientific director of the Institute for E-Government (IfG.CC) in Potsdam, Germany. His research interests include transformation in the context of e-government, changing work organization, skills and competencies for e-government and ICT for development.
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Bannister, F., & Connolly, R. (2011). The Trouble with Transparency: A Critical Review of Openness in e-Government. Policy & Internet, 3(1), Article 8. doi:10.2202/1944-2866.1076
Barry, E., & Bannister, F. (2013). Barriers to Open Data Release: A View from the Top. In EGPA 2013.
Bates, J. (2012). “This is what modern deregulation looks like”: co-optation and contestation in the shaping of the UK’s Open Government Data Initiative. The Journal of Community Informatics, 8(2).
Bizer, C., Heath, T., & Berners-Lee, T. (2009). Linked data-the story so far. International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems, 5(3), 1–22.
Blakemore, M., & Craglia, M. (2006). Access to Public-Sector Information in Europe: Policy, Rights, and Obligations. The Information Society, 22(1), 13–24. doi:10.1080/01972240500388180
Callon, M. (1986). Some elements of a sociology of translation. In J. Law (Ed.), Power, Action and Belief. A new sociology of Knowledge? (pp. 196–223). London: Routledge.
Cerrillo-i-Martínez, A. (2011). The regulation of diffusion of public sector information via electronic means: Lessons from the Spanish regulation. Government Information Quarterly, 28(2), 188–199. doi:10.1016/j.giq.2010.05.009
Courmont, A. (2012). How to Govern Open Data? The politics of open data portals. In Paper presented at the IPSA Conference, Madrid, July 8-12, 2012.
Ganapati, S., & Reddick, C. G. (2012). Open e-government in U.S. state governments: Survey evidence from Chief Information Officers. Government Information Quarterly, 29(2), 115–122.
Garcia, E. G., & Soriano Maldonado, S. L. (2012). Reuse of Public Sector Information in Spain: A solid foundation for a promising future. Textos Universitaris de Biblioteconomia I Documentació, (29).
Harrison, T. M., Pardo, T. a., & Cook, M. (2012). Creating Open Government Ecosystems: A Research and Development Agenda. Future Internet, 4(4), 900–928. doi:10.3390/fi4040900
Heimstädt, M., Saunderson, F., & Heath, T. (2014). Conceptualizing Open Data ecosystems: A timeline analysis of Open Data development in the UK. In Proceedings of the International Conference for E-Democracy and Open Government (CeDEM2014), Krems, Austria. (p. forthcoming).
Huijboom, N., & van den Broek, T. (2011). Open data: an international comparison of strategies. European Journal of ePractice, 12(March/April), 1–13.
Hunnius, S., & Krieger, B. (2014). The Social Shaping of Open Data through Administrative Processes. In Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Open Collaboration (OpenSym 2014) (p. forthcoming). ACM Press. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2641580.2641601
Janssen, K. (2011). The influence of the PSI directive on open government data: An overview of recent developments. Government Information Quarterly, 28(4), 446–456. doi:10.1016/J.slq.2011.CU
Janssen, K. (2012). Open Government Data and the Right to Information: Opportunities and Obstacles. The Journal of Community Informatics, 8(2).
Janssen, K., & Dumortier, J. (2003). Towards a European Framework for the Re-use of Public Sector Information: a Long and Winding Road. International Journal of Law and Information Technology, 11(2), 184–201. doi:10.1093/ijlit/11.2.184
Kuk, G., & Davies, T. (2011). The Roles of Agency and Artifacts in Assembling Open Data Complementarities. In Thirty Second International Conference on Information Systems, Shanghai (pp. 1–16).
Latour, B. (1987). Science in Action. How to follow scientists and engineers through society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Latour, B. (1999). Pandora’s hope: essays on the reality of science studies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the Social - An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory (p. 316). New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1163/156913308X336453
Lindman, J., & Nyman, L. (2014). The Businesses of Open Data and Open Source: Some Key Similarities and Differences. Technology Innovation Management Review, (January), 12–17.
Mayer-Schönberger, V., & Zappia, Z. (2011). Participation and Power: Intermediaries of Open Data. In 1st Berlin Symposium on Internet and Society October 26th – 28th 2011.
Meijer, A. J., de Hoog, J., Van Twist, M., van der Steen, M., & Scherpenisse, J. (2014). Understanding the Dynamics of Open Data: From Sweeping Statements to Complex Contextual Interactions. In M. Gascó-Hernandez (Ed.), Open Government. Opportunities and Challenges for Public Governance (pp. 101–114). New York: Springer.
Nardi, B. A., & O’Day, V. L. (1999). Information Ecologies. Using Technology with Heart. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Pollitt, C., & Bouckaert, G. (2011). Public Management Reform. A comparative analysis (3rd editio., p. 352pp.). Oxford: Oxford University Press Oxford.
Proyecto Aporta. (2011). Characterization Study of the Infomediary Sector (p. 88).
Proyecto Aporta. (2012). Estudio de caracterización del Sector Infomediario en España (p. 126).
Püschel, J.-O. (2006). Vom Informationszugang zur Informationsweiterverwendung. Datenschutz Und Datensicherheit, 30(8), 481–489.
Scharpf, F. W. (1988). The Joint-Decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration. Public Administration, 66(3), 239–278.
Scharpf, F. W. (2005). No Exit from the Joint Decision Trap? Can German Federalism Reform Itself? Köln.
Shkabatur, J. (2012). Transparency With(out) Accountability: Open Government in the United States. Yale Law & Policy Review, 31(1), 79–140.
Van den Broek, T., van Veenstra, A. F., & Folmer, E. (2011). Walking the extra byte: A lifecycle model for linked open data. In E. Folmer, M. Reuvers, & W. Quak (Eds.), Linked Open Data – Pilot Linked Open Data Nederland (pp. 95–111). Amersfort: Remwerk.
Yu, H., & Robinson, D. (2012). The New Ambiguity of’Open Government'. UCLA Law Review Discourse, 178, 180–208.
Zuiderwijk, A., & Janssen, M. (2014). Open data policies, their implementation and impact: A framework for comparison. Government Information Quarterly, 31(1), 17–29. doi:10.1016/j.giq.2013.04.003
Zuiderwijk, A., Janssen, M., Choenni, S., Meijer, R., & Alibaks, R. S. (2012). Socio-technical Impediments of Open Data. Electronic Journal of E-Government, 10(2), 156–172.
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